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Wilhelm Johannsen (3 February 1857 – 11 November 1927) was a Danish botanist, plant physiologist, and geneticist. He was born in Copenhagen. While very young, he was apprenticed to a pharmacist and worked in Denmark and Germany beginning in 1872 until passing his pharmacist's exam in 1879. In 1881, he became assistant in the chemistry department at the Carlsberg Laboratory under the chemist Johan Kjeldahl. Johannsen studied the metabolism of dormancy and germination in seeds, tubers and buds. He showed that dormancy could be broken by various anesthetic compounds, such as diethyl ether and chloroform. In 1892, he was appointed lecturer at Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University and later became professor of botany and plant physiology. He taught plant physiology.〔Warming, Eug. & W. Johannsen (1895) Den almindelige Botanik (General Botany): En Lærebog, nærmest til Brug for Studerende og Lærere. 3rd edn, Kjøbenhavn. 4th edn by Warming and Johannsen 1900-01). German edn 1907-09: Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Botanik (from the 4th edn, by E. P. Meinecke). Berlin, Borntraeger. 667 pp.〕 His most well-known research concerned so-called ''pure lines'' of the self-fertile common bean. He was able to show that even in populations homozygous for all traits, i.e. without genetic variation, seed size followed a normal distribution. This was attributable to resource provision to the mother plant and to the position of seeds in pods and of pods on the plant. This led him to coin the terms ''phenotype'' and ''genotype''. His findings led him to oppose contemporary Darwinists, most notably Francis Galton and Karl Pearson, who held the occurrence of normal distributed trait variation in populations as proof of gradual genetic variation on which selection could act.〔Roll-Hansen, Nils (1979) The Genotype Theory of Wilhelm Johannsen and its Relation to Plant Breeding and the Study of Evolution. Centaurus 22 (3): 201–235 〕 Only with the modern evolutionary synthesis, was it established that variation needed to be heritable to act as the raw material for selection. The terms ''phenotype'' and ''genotype'' were created by Wilhelm Johannsen and first used in his paper ''Om arvelighed i samfund og i rene linier''〔Johannsen, W. (1903) Om arvelighed i samfund og i rene linier. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, vol. 3: 247-270. German ed. ''Erblichkeit in Populationen und in reinen Linien'' (1903) Gustav Fischer, Jena (scanned fulltext )〕 and in his book ''Arvelighedslærens Elementer''.〔Johannsen, W.L. (1905) Arvelighedslærens elementer (The Elements of Heredity). Copenhagen.〕 This book was rewritten, enlarged and translated to German as ''Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre''.〔Johannsen, W. (1909) Elemente der exakten Erblichkeitslehre. Gustav Fischer, Jena. (scanned fulltext )〕 It was in this book Johannsen introduced the term ''gene''. This term was coined in opposition to the then common ''pangene'' that stemmed from Darwin's theory of pangenesis. The book became one of the founding texts of genetics. Also in 1905, Johannsen was appointed professor of plant physiology at the University of Copenhagen, becoming vice-chancellor in 1917. In December 1910, Johannsen was invited to give an address before the American Society of Naturalists. This talk was printed in the American Naturalist. In 1911, he was invited to give a series of four lectures at Columbia University.〔Anon. (1911) Professor Johannsen's Columbia Lectures. Science N.S. 34 (876): 484. 〕 ==Miscellaneous== Corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (elected 1915). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wilhelm Johannsen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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